The Bridge Builder: How Brian Armstrong Connected Traditional Finance to Cryptocurrency
In the summer of 2010, while most of the world dismissed Bitcoin as a digital curiosity for libertarians and computer enthusiasts, a software engineer at Airbnb named Brian Armstrong was reading Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper with growing fascination. The mathematical elegance of the blockchain protocol convinced him that cryptocurrency represented more than speculative investment—it was the foundation for an entirely new financial system that could serve billions of people worldwide.
Twelve years later, the company Armstrong would build, Coinbase, has facilitated over $2 trillion in cryptocurrency transactions and serves more than 100 million users across 100+ countries, fundamentally transforming how institutions and individuals access digital assets. From a computer science graduate who taught himself economics to the CEO who guided cryptocurrency's transition from underground movement to mainstream financial infrastructure, Armstrong's journey illustrates how technical excellence combined with regulatory cooperation can legitimize revolutionary technologies—even when that legitimization requires navigating unprecedented legal, political, and cultural challenges.
From Iowa Farm to Silicon Valley Dreams
Brian Armstrong's story begins in San Jose, California, where he was born on January 25, 1983, to parents who embodied American entrepreneurial spirit in different ways. His father worked as an engineer at IBM, providing the technical foundation that would influence Brian's systematic approach to complex problems. His mother operated small businesses, including a food catering company, demonstrating the customer service and operational excellence that would later define Coinbase's user experience philosophy.
Growing up in California's tech hub exposed Armstrong to Silicon Valley's innovation culture from an early age. However, his family's Midwestern values—his parents had moved from Iowa—provided grounding in practical problem-solving and ethical business practices that would prove essential as he navigated cryptocurrency's early reputation challenges.
At San Jose High School, Armstrong demonstrated the mathematical aptitude and systematic thinking that would characterize his entrepreneurial approach. Unlike many tech founders who displayed early business instincts, Armstrong focused primarily on understanding how systems worked, spending hours programming and analyzing complex algorithms rather than building products for other students.
The combination of California innovation culture and Midwestern work ethic would later manifest in Coinbase's unique position within the cryptocurrency industry—technically sophisticated enough to serve institutional clients while maintaining the transparency and customer focus needed to win regulatory approval and mainstream adoption.
Rice University Foundations and Computer Science Mastery
In 2001, Armstrong enrolled at Rice University in Houston, Texas, pursuing dual majors in computer science and economics. The choice reflected his growing conviction that technology's greatest impact came through improving economic systems rather than entertainment or communication applications. Rice's rigorous academic environment and small class sizes provided intensive training in both theoretical computer science and practical system design.
The economics component of his education proved particularly valuable, exposing Armstrong to monetary theory, financial market structure, and regulatory frameworks that most software engineers never encounter. This interdisciplinary knowledge would later enable him to articulate cryptocurrency's value proposition to traditional finance professionals, regulators, and policymakers who might dismiss purely technical explanations.
During his Rice years, Armstrong worked on various programming projects and internships that developed his expertise in large-scale system architecture. The experience of building software that needed to handle complex data processing and security requirements provided essential preparation for the technical challenges of operating a cryptocurrency exchange.
More importantly, Rice's collaborative academic culture taught Armstrong the importance of building consensus around complex ideas. Unlike the confrontational approach that characterized many early cryptocurrency advocates, he learned to present radical concepts through familiar frameworks, making revolutionary technology accessible to conservative audiences.
Early Career: Building Systems at Scale
After graduating from Rice in 2005, Armstrong joined IBM as a software consultant, working with enterprise clients on large-scale system implementations. The role provided crucial experience in translating business requirements into technical specifications while managing the security, compliance, and reliability concerns that dominate enterprise software decisions.
IBM's corporate culture emphasized systematic approaches to complex problems, thorough documentation, and risk management—skills that would prove essential as Armstrong later navigated cryptocurrency's regulatory challenges. The experience also exposed him to how large institutions evaluate new technologies, knowledge that would inform Coinbase's institutional business development strategy.
In 2008, seeking more direct impact on product development, Armstrong joined Deloitte as a developer and consultant. The transition from IBM's structured environment to consulting's client-focused approach broadened his understanding of how different industries approach technological adoption. Working with financial services clients provided specific insight into banking regulations, compliance requirements, and the conservative decision-making processes that govern traditional finance.
The Deloitte experience culminated in Armstrong's involvement with fraud detection systems, where he learned to build software that could identify suspicious patterns in financial transactions while minimizing false positives. This expertise would later prove invaluable when designing Coinbase's anti-money laundering and Know Your Customer systems, which became crucial for regulatory approval.
Airbnb and the Sharing Economy Revolution
In 2011, Armstrong made a career-defining decision to join Airbnb as a software engineer, trading the stability of traditional consulting for the uncertainty of a fast-growing startup. The company, founded by Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia, and Nathan Blecharczyk, was pioneering the sharing economy by enabling strangers to rent accommodations from each other through a trusted digital platform.
The Airbnb experience provided Armstrong with essential entrepreneurial education. He worked on fraud prevention systems, payment processing infrastructure, and international expansion challenges—all of which required balancing user experience with security and regulatory compliance. The company's rapid growth from startup to global platform demonstrated how technology could scale traditional business models by reducing transaction costs and increasing market transparency.
More significantly, Airbnb taught Armstrong how platform businesses could create value by facilitating transactions between parties who had never interacted before. The insight that technology could enable trust between strangers through reputation systems, verification processes, and financial guarantees would later inform Coinbase's approach to cryptocurrency trading, where users needed confidence in both the platform's security and the legitimacy of digital assets themselves.
The international expansion work proved particularly valuable, exposing Armstrong to the complex regulatory requirements that govern financial services across different jurisdictions. Airbnb's challenges with local housing laws, tax compliance, and payment processing provided a preview of the regulatory complexity that would dominate cryptocurrency exchange operations.
The Bitcoin Revelation and Weekend Experiments
Armstrong's introduction to Bitcoin came through the confluence of his financial systems expertise and Airbnb's international payment challenges. In 2010, while researching alternative payment methods for Airbnb's global expansion, he encountered Satoshi Nakamoto's Bitcoin white paper and immediately recognized its potential significance beyond speculative trading.
"The thing that I found really compelling about Bitcoin initially was just this idea that you could have a global, digital currency," Armstrong later explained. "It wasn't controlled by any government, and it was programmable money." The concept aligned with his experience seeing how traditional payment systems created barriers for Airbnb users in different countries, where currency conversion fees, processing delays, and regulatory restrictions complicated simple transactions.
During weekends and evenings, Armstrong began experimenting with Bitcoin software, running nodes, mining coins, and analyzing the blockchain protocol's technical architecture. Unlike many early adopters who focused primarily on Bitcoin's investment potential, he approached cryptocurrency as an engineering problem: how could this technology scale to serve billions of users while maintaining the security and decentralization that made it valuable?
The experimental work revealed both Bitcoin's revolutionary potential and its practical limitations. Transaction confirmation times, user interface complexity, and the technical knowledge required for secure wallet management created significant barriers to mainstream adoption. Armstrong recognized that bridging the gap between Bitcoin's technical capabilities and user-friendly interfaces could unlock enormous value for both cryptocurrency adoption and his own entrepreneurial ambitions.
The Coinbase Founding Vision
By early 2012, Armstrong had become convinced that cryptocurrency needed better infrastructure to reach its potential as a global financial system. The existing Bitcoin exchanges were primarily serving technical enthusiasts and traders, offering complex interfaces that intimidated mainstream users while providing limited regulatory compliance or customer protection.
The inspiration for Coinbase came from combining Armstrong's Airbnb platform experience with his Bitcoin technical knowledge. Just as Airbnb had made short-term rentals accessible to ordinary travelers by providing trust, convenience, and customer support, a cryptocurrency platform could make Bitcoin accessible to ordinary investors by abstracting away technical complexity while providing security and regulatory compliance.
"I wanted to create the most trusted, easiest-to-use Bitcoin company," Armstrong later reflected. The vision extended beyond simple trading to comprehensive cryptocurrency infrastructure: wallet services, merchant payment processing, developer tools, and institutional custody solutions that could support Bitcoin's evolution from speculative asset to legitimate financial technology.
In June 2012, Armstrong applied to Y Combinator, the prestigious startup accelerator that had helped launch Airbnb, Dropbox, and other successful technology companies. His application outlined a comprehensive vision for cryptocurrency adoption that emphasized user experience, regulatory compliance, and incremental feature development rather than revolutionary disruption.
Y Combinator Validation and Early Development
Y Combinator's acceptance provided crucial validation for Armstrong's vision and connected him with the resources needed to build a legitimate cryptocurrency business. The accelerator's partners, including Paul Graham and Sam Altman, had seen numerous financial technology pitches but recognized that Armstrong's technical expertise and regulatory focus differentiated his approach from other Bitcoin startups.
The Y Combinator experience taught Armstrong essential lessons about product development prioritization, customer feedback integration, and fundraising preparation. Unlike many cryptocurrency projects that began with complex technical features, Coinbase started with the simplest possible product: a web interface that allowed users to buy and sell Bitcoin using traditional bank accounts.
The initial product launched in October 2012 with deliberately limited functionality. Users could create accounts, link bank accounts, and execute basic Bitcoin transactions—but the platform lacked advanced trading features, multiple cryptocurrency support, or institutional services. This incremental approach reflected Armstrong's conviction that cryptocurrency adoption required building trust gradually rather than overwhelming users with complex features.
However, even the basic product faced significant technical and regulatory challenges. Bitcoin price volatility created customer service issues when transactions processed at different prices than users expected. Banking partners worried about money laundering risks and regulatory compliance. Government agencies at both state and federal levels demanded documentation and compliance procedures that didn't exist for traditional startups.
Regulatory Navigation and the Compliance-First Strategy
Perhaps Armstrong's most significant strategic decision was embracing regulatory compliance as a competitive advantage rather than viewing regulation as an obstacle to overcome. While many cryptocurrency companies operated in legal gray areas or challenged existing financial regulations directly, Coinbase invested heavily in compliance infrastructure and actively cooperated with regulatory agencies.
This approach required substantial resources and legal expertise. The company hired experienced financial services lawyers, implemented comprehensive Know Your Customer procedures, and developed anti-money laundering systems that exceeded requirements for traditional money services businesses. The investment slowed product development but established Coinbase as a legitimate financial services company rather than a technology experiment.
The strategy proved prescient as regulatory scrutiny of cryptocurrency intensified throughout 2013 and 2014. While other Bitcoin companies faced enforcement actions, banking restrictions, and legal challenges, Coinbase's proactive compliance approach enabled partnerships with traditional financial institutions and regulatory approvals that its competitors couldn't achieve.
The FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network) guidance released in March 2013 provided the first clear regulatory framework for cryptocurrency businesses in the United States. Coinbase's existing compliance procedures positioned it to immediately satisfy federal requirements, while competitors scrambled to implement systems retroactively.
State-level regulation proved more complex, requiring separate licenses and compliance procedures in each jurisdiction where Coinbase operated. The company eventually obtained money transmitter licenses in nearly every U.S. state, a process that required millions of dollars in legal fees and regulatory capital but created significant barriers to entry for potential competitors.
Institutional Adoption and the Mainstream Bridge
As Coinbase established regulatory credibility, Armstrong recognized that institutional adoption would drive cryptocurrency's transformation from speculative trading to legitimate financial infrastructure. Traditional financial institutions needed cryptocurrency services that met their fiduciary standards, regulatory requirements, and operational procedures—capabilities that existing exchanges couldn't provide.
In 2015, Coinbase launched Coinbase Exchange (later renamed Coinbase Pro), a professional trading platform designed for institutional investors and active traders. The platform offered advanced order types, portfolio management tools, and the security infrastructure that institutions required for large-scale cryptocurrency trading.
More significantly, Coinbase began developing custody services that could store institutional cryptocurrency holdings with the same security and insurance standards that traditional banks provided for cash and securities. The Coinbase Custody platform addressed one of the largest barriers to institutional cryptocurrency adoption: the technical complexity and security risks of managing private keys for large cryptocurrency holdings.
The institutional focus required different expertise than consumer product development. Armstrong hired executives from traditional financial services companies, including former Goldman Sachs and Thomson Reuters leaders who understood institutional sales processes, regulatory requirements, and fiduciary responsibilities.
These investments enabled Coinbase to secure some of the cryptocurrency industry's most significant institutional clients. Universities, pension funds, and hedge funds began using Coinbase services to gain cryptocurrency exposure while satisfying their fiduciary and regulatory obligations.
The Scaling Crisis and Technical Innovation
Bitcoin's growing popularity through 2017 created unprecedented technical challenges for Coinbase and the entire cryptocurrency ecosystem. The platform's user base exploded from thousands to millions as mainstream media coverage and rapidly rising Bitcoin prices attracted global attention. Trading volumes increased exponentially, overwhelming systems designed for much smaller transaction loads.
The scaling crisis manifested in multiple ways: website outages during peak trading periods, delayed transaction confirmations, customer service backlogs, and occasional security vulnerabilities that attracted hackers seeking to exploit system weaknesses. Critics accused Coinbase of prioritizing growth over reliability, while users frustrated by platform instability migrated to competitors with better uptime.
Armstrong responded by making significant infrastructure investments and organizational changes. The company hired dozens of additional engineers, rebuilt core systems to handle higher transaction volumes, and implemented better monitoring and alerting systems to prevent outages. The technical team grew from a handful of developers to hundreds of specialists in areas like database optimization, network security, and distributed systems architecture.
The period also required significant improvements in customer service infrastructure. Coinbase's customer support team expanded from a few representatives to hundreds of specialists who could handle cryptocurrency-specific issues like transaction confirmations, wallet security, and account verification problems. The company developed comprehensive self-service resources and automated support systems to reduce response times.
Perhaps most importantly, the scaling crisis taught Armstrong that operating a cryptocurrency exchange required different technical expertise than typical web applications. The combination of financial regulations, security requirements, and blockchain protocol complexity created unique engineering challenges that demanded specialized knowledge and substantial infrastructure investment.
Going Public: The Crypto Legitimacy Milestone
April 14, 2021, marked a historic moment for both Coinbase and the cryptocurrency industry when the company went public through a direct listing on the NASDAQ stock exchange. The milestone represented cryptocurrency's full acceptance into mainstream financial markets, with Coinbase becoming the first major cryptocurrency company to achieve public market status.
The public debut valued Coinbase at approximately $76 billion, making Armstrong a billionaire and validating his long-term vision of cryptocurrency as legitimate financial infrastructure. The ticker symbol COIN provided traditional investors with exposure to cryptocurrency growth without directly owning digital assets.
However, the public market debut also subjected Coinbase to new scrutiny and performance pressures. Quarterly earnings reports revealed the company's heavy dependence on trading volume and cryptocurrency price volatility, creating questions about revenue sustainability during market downturns. Traditional investors struggled to evaluate a business model that combined technology platform economics with financial services regulatory requirements.
The direct listing process itself demonstrated Armstrong's continued preference for regulatory compliance over conventional approaches. Rather than conducting a traditional IPO with investment bank underwriters, Coinbase chose a direct listing that provided transparency and avoided potential conflicts of interest that might arise from investment bank cryptocurrency exposure.
The public market performance proved volatile, with Coinbase shares fluctuating dramatically based on cryptocurrency market conditions, regulatory developments, and quarterly financial results. The experience taught Armstrong that public company leadership required different skills than startup management, including investor relations, quarterly guidance, and balancing short-term market expectations with long-term strategic vision.
Regulatory Battles and the Future of Crypto Oversight
As Coinbase grew into a public company with massive market influence, Armstrong found himself at the center of ongoing debates about cryptocurrency regulation in the United States and globally. The company's size and mainstream positioning made it a natural focal point for regulators seeking to establish oversight frameworks for the rapidly evolving digital asset industry.
The Securities and Exchange Commission under Chair Gary Gensler took an increasingly aggressive stance toward cryptocurrency companies, arguing that many digital assets should be classified as securities subject to existing investment laws. Coinbase faced SEC investigations and enforcement threats related to its lending products and the classification of various cryptocurrencies offered on its platform.
Armstrong responded with a combination of legal defense and public advocacy. The company filed lawsuits challenging regulatory overreach while simultaneously engaging in industry lobbying efforts to establish clear, workable regulations for cryptocurrency businesses. His approach emphasized cooperation with legitimate regulatory oversight while opposing what he viewed as arbitrary or technically uninformed enforcement actions.
The regulatory battles extended beyond U.S. borders as international jurisdictions developed their own cryptocurrency oversight frameworks. Coinbase expanded internationally while navigating different regulatory requirements in Europe, Asia, and other regions where cryptocurrency adoption was accelerating but regulatory clarity remained limited.
Perhaps most significantly, Armstrong became a leading voice for the cryptocurrency industry's engagement with traditional regulatory and political institutions. Rather than the confrontational approach that characterized earlier cryptocurrency advocacy, he emphasized economic benefits, technological innovation, and American competitiveness arguments that resonated with mainstream policymakers.
The Web3 Vision and Blockchain Infrastructure
While maintaining Coinbase's position as the leading cryptocurrency exchange, Armstrong also pursued broader vision of blockchain technology's potential to transform internet infrastructure through Web3 applications. The concept envisions a decentralized internet where users control their data, digital assets, and online interactions without relying on centralized platforms like Facebook, Google, or Amazon.
Coinbase's Web3 initiatives included Coinbase Wallet, a self-custody solution that enables users to interact with decentralized applications (dApps) while maintaining control of their private keys. The wallet supports various blockchain networks beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum, enabling access to DeFi protocols, NFT marketplaces, and other Web3 applications.
The company also launched Coinbase Cloud, infrastructure services that help developers build blockchain applications without managing the complex technical requirements of running blockchain nodes, indexing transaction data, or implementing security protocols. The platform provides APIs and tools that abstract away blockchain complexity while enabling sophisticated decentralized applications.
Armstrong's Web3 vision extends beyond Coinbase's direct business interests to broader questions about internet governance, digital ownership, and economic opportunity in online environments. He argues that blockchain technology can restore individual control over digital assets and personal data while creating new economic opportunities for creators, developers, and users who contribute value to online networks.
The Web3 strategy reflects Armstrong's long-term thinking about cryptocurrency's role in broader technological evolution. Rather than viewing digital assets as merely alternative investments, he positions blockchain technology as foundational infrastructure for a more open, user-controlled internet that could challenge the centralized power of traditional technology platforms.
Philanthropy and the GiveCrypto Initiative
Beyond Coinbase's business success, Armstrong has used his cryptocurrency wealth to explore how digital assets can address global poverty and economic inequality. In 2018, he founded GiveCrypto, a nonprofit organization that distributes cryptocurrency directly to people in developing countries who lack access to traditional financial services.
The GiveCrypto model tests Armstrong's thesis that cryptocurrency can provide financial inclusion for the world's "unbanked" population—people who lack access to traditional banks, credit cards, or digital payment systems. By distributing cryptocurrency through mobile phones, the organization enables recipients to store value, make payments, and access global economic opportunities without requiring traditional banking infrastructure.
Early pilot programs in countries like Venezuela, Kenya, and Afghanistan demonstrated both the potential and challenges of cryptocurrency-based aid distribution. Recipients could receive and use digital assets even in countries with currency instability or banking system failures, but technical complexity and volatile cryptocurrency prices created implementation difficulties.
The philanthropic work also provided real-world testing for Coinbase's international expansion strategy. GiveCrypto's experiences with regulatory requirements, local partnerships, and user education informed the company's approach to entering emerging markets where cryptocurrency adoption could provide significant economic benefits.
Armstrong's charitable activities reflect his belief that cryptocurrency's greatest impact will come through expanding economic opportunity rather than merely creating investment returns for wealthy individuals. The GiveCrypto experiments represent early attempts to prove that blockchain technology can address systemic inequality and financial exclusion that traditional aid approaches have struggled to solve.
Current Challenges and Market Leadership
As of 2025, Coinbase faces the challenge of maintaining market leadership while navigating an increasingly competitive and regulated cryptocurrency landscape. Traditional financial institutions like JPMorgan Chase, Fidelity, and BlackRock have launched their own cryptocurrency services, competing directly with Coinbase's institutional business while leveraging existing client relationships and regulatory credibility.
Competition has intensified from both directions: established financial institutions entering cryptocurrency markets and cryptocurrency-native companies like Binance, Kraken, and others expanding their service offerings and geographic reach. Coinbase must differentiate through superior user experience, regulatory compliance, and innovative product development while defending market share against well-funded competitors.
The regulatory environment remains uncertain, with potential changes in cryptocurrency oversight that could significantly impact Coinbase's business model and competitive position. Armstrong continues advocating for clear, reasonable regulations while preparing for various regulatory scenarios that might require substantial business model adaptations.
However, Coinbase's advantages remain significant: strong brand recognition, comprehensive regulatory compliance, institutional relationships, and technical infrastructure that can support continued growth in cryptocurrency adoption. The company's early investments in compliance and institutional services have created barriers to entry that protect its market position even as competition intensifies.
The international expansion opportunity provides substantial growth potential, with regulatory approvals in key markets potentially unlocking hundreds of millions of additional users. Cryptocurrency adoption continues accelerating globally, particularly in countries with currency instability or limited traditional financial infrastructure.
The Mainstream Adoption Legacy
Armstrong's impact on global finance extends far beyond Coinbase's specific business metrics. The company's success has legitimized cryptocurrency as a mainstream financial technology, enabling institutional adoption, regulatory acceptance, and cultural normalization that seemed impossible during Bitcoin's early years.
The numbers demonstrate remarkable progress: Coinbase estimates that its platform has introduced tens of millions of first-time users to cryptocurrency investing, many of whom have subsequently expanded their digital asset holdings across multiple platforms and asset classes. The company's institutional services have enabled pension funds, university endowments, and corporate treasury departments to gain cryptocurrency exposure while satisfying their fiduciary responsibilities.
More broadly, Coinbase's regulatory cooperation and mainstream positioning have influenced how governments, media, and traditional financial institutions approach cryptocurrency oversight and adoption. The company's success has demonstrated that cryptocurrency businesses can operate within existing legal frameworks while driving innovation and economic growth.
The cultural impact may prove even more significant than the financial metrics. Armstrong's leadership has helped transform cryptocurrency from a fringe technology associated with speculation and illegal activity into a legitimate financial technology that mainstream institutions and individuals can embrace without reputational risk.
From Computer Science Graduate to Crypto Visionary
Standing in Coinbase's San Francisco headquarters, surrounded by screens displaying real-time cryptocurrency market data and transaction volumes, Armstrong embodies Silicon Valley's evolution from software innovation to financial infrastructure transformation. The Rice University graduate who taught himself Bitcoin protocol has built technology that connects traditional finance to cryptocurrency markets, enabling billions of dollars in digital asset transactions while maintaining regulatory compliance and institutional credibility.
His journey from Airbnb engineer to public company CEO illustrates how technical expertise combined with regulatory cooperation can legitimize revolutionary technologies that initially face skepticism from established institutions. The challenges he has navigated—from early Bitcoin adoption to regulatory battles to institutional sales—demonstrate that building cryptocurrency infrastructure requires different skills than typical technology entrepreneurship.
The dual focus on Coinbase's mainstream adoption and Web3's decentralized future reveals Armstrong's long-term thinking about blockchain technology's role in global economic evolution. While Coinbase bridges traditional finance and cryptocurrency markets, his Web3 vision aims to create entirely new economic opportunities through decentralized applications and user-controlled digital assets.
Perhaps most significantly, Armstrong's story shows how systematic technical thinking can drive adoption of technologies that seemed permanently niche or experimental. His engineering approach to cryptocurrency adoption—prioritizing user experience, regulatory compliance, and incremental feature development—enabled mainstream acceptance that more confrontational approaches might never have achieved.
As cryptocurrency continues evolving through technological advancement, regulatory development, and institutional adoption, the infrastructure Armstrong has built provides a foundation for continued growth in digital asset markets. From basic Bitcoin trading to comprehensive institutional custody to Web3 application development, Coinbase's platform enables millions of users and thousands of institutions to participate in cryptocurrency markets that were previously accessible only to technical specialists.
The computer science graduate who discovered Bitcoin through weekend experiments has created technology that helps individuals and institutions worldwide access new forms of digital value storage and transfer. In an era when financial technology and blockchain innovation dominate technology industry discussions, Armstrong's work demonstrates how patient infrastructure building can unlock revolutionary technologies for mainstream adoption.
Whether judged by user growth, regulatory acceptance, or institutional adoption, Brian Armstrong has already established cryptocurrency's legitimacy as mainstream financial technology. As both Coinbase and the broader cryptocurrency ecosystem continue developing, his influence on how traditional finance embraces digital assets will likely extend far beyond his current achievements. The bridge he built between traditional finance and cryptocurrency markets may ultimately transform not just how people invest, but how they think about money, ownership, and economic opportunity in an increasingly digital world.
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